The pulpits of the independent congregations became avenues for the free expression of critics of colonial rule. The Mad Rush Into Africa in the Early 1880s Within just 20 years, the political face of Africa had changed, with only Liberia (a colony run by formerly enslaved African Americans) and Ethiopia remaining free of European control . It represented a substantial element of reformism in the North. ", Simon Heap, "'We think prohibition is a farce': drinking in the alcohol-prohibited zone of colonial northern Nigeria. Afeadie, "The Hidden Hand of Overrule" (1996), p. 1012. The British led a series of military campaigns to enlarge its sphere of influence and expand its commercial opportunities. Direct taxation on men was introduced in 1928 without major incidents. These included the decline of the Mughal Empire. Their forces, which were drawn from hundreds of Igbo youth from all parts of the region, created many problems for the British, but the British used forceful tactics and heavy armaments (destroying homes, farms, and roads) to prevail. PhD dissertation accepted at the Graduate Programme in History, York University, Ontario. Its activist membership was drawn from local government and emirate officials who had access to means of communication and to repressive traditional authority that could keep the opposition in line. Several churches were built to serve the Edo community and a small number of African converts. The supply of precious metals was finite, and monarchs hoped to find large deposits of gold and silver in the Americas. The French had abolished slavery following the French Revolution, although it briefly re-established it in its Caribbean colonies under Napoleon. [36], The company, as was common among European businesses in Africa, paid its native workers in barter. In the long term, the acceptance of Christianity by large numbers of Nigerians depended on the various denominations adapting to local conditions. [73], Due to the failure of the sanitation officers in Lagos, the virus would continue to spread throughout the southern provinces throughout September and finally make its way into the hinterlands by October. They invited missionaries to follow them and, in the 1840s, made themselves available as agents who allowed missionaries and British traders to gain access to such places as Lagos, Abeokuta, Calabar, Lokoja, Onitsha, Brass, and Bonny. He said that he did "not consider that their past traditions and their present backward cultural conditions afford to any such experiment a reasonable chance of success". The government was responsible to a Parliament composed of the popularly elected 312-member House of Representatives and the 44-member Senate, chosen by the regional legislatures. Columbus, in his voyage, sought fame and fortune, as did his Spanish sponsors. This rate rose to 20,000 per year in the last quarter of the century. The experiment began in 1890 and was repealed in 1939,[71]. While they all shared a desire for wealth and power, their motivations for colonization differed somewhat, and thus the pattern and success of their colonies varied significantly. In-text citation: 1821 - Sierra Leone, Gambia and the Gold Coast form British West Africa. [52], The territory of the Royal Niger Company became the Northern Nigeria Protectorate, and the Company itself became a private corporation which continued to do business in Nigeria. "The agents performed similar but more expansive roles as their Company counterparts. Falola, Toyin, Ann Genova, and Matthew M. Heaton. Lugard bequeathed to his successor a prosperous colony when his term as Governor-General expired. [23] Regardless, slavery had decimated the population and fuelled militarisation and chaos, thereby paving the way for more aggressive colonisation.[21][24]. Instead, the companies had to be content with a monopoly of the export trade in these products. They had obtained the assent of the emirs to form a political party to counterbalance the activities of the southern-based parties. Park reached the upper Niger the next year by travelling inland from the Gambia River. That's human geography 101. June 30, 2022 . [8] Azikiwe was installed as Governor-General of the federation and Balewa continued to serve as head of a democratically elected parliamentary, but now completely sovereign, government. Both claimed in 1908; territories formed in 1962 (British Antarctic Territory) and 1985 (South Georgia and the South Sandwich Islands). 1839 - The Opium Wars between China and Britain, resulting from the trade of opium leading to widespread addictions. The Action Group was thus the heir of a generation of flourishing cultural consciousness among the Yoruba and also had valuable connections with commercial interests that were representative of the comparative economic advancement of the Western Region. They later discovered that the demand for palm oil was in fact stimulating an internal slave trade, because slaves were largely responsible for collecting palm fruits, manufacturing palm oil, and transporting it to the coast, whether by canoe or by human porterage. The British entry into World War I saw the confiscation of Nigerian palm oil firms operated by expatriates from the Central Powers. In contrast, the British pursued comparatively limited settlement and institutional transformation in the more populous and more politically and economically developed preco-lonial areas. The British annexed Lagos in 1861 in order to protect Akitoyes son and successor, foil Kosokos bid to return, and secure a base for further activities. [73] The colonial government would enact new legislation in reaction to the pandemic including, travel passes for individuals in the colony, increased usage of sanitary practices, and door to door checks on indigenous Nigerian households. The first known encounter between the British and the people of the region of modern-day Nigeria was on April 1, 1600, when English sailors landed on the Niger River near Katsina, the largest city in northern Nigeria. Beecroft was the British representative to Fernando Po, where the African Slave Trade Patrol of the Royal Navy was stationed. The superior weapons, tactics and political unity of the British are commonly given as reasons for their decisive . [40] By 1893, most of the other political entities in Yorubaland recognised the practical necessity of signing another treaty with the British, this one explicitly joining them with the protectorate of Lagos. The Southern Protectorate financed itself from the outset, with revenue increasing from 361,815 to 1,933,235 over the same period. The NPC was called on to form a government, but the NCNC received six of the ten ministerial posts. For some time, missionaries operated in the area between Lagos and Ibadan. In all three regions, minority parties represented the special interests of ethnic groups, especially as they were affected by the majority. [13], The Colonial Office accepted Lugard's proposal that the Governor would not be required to stay in-country full-time; consequently, as Governor, Lugard spent four months out of the year in London. In the main the following factors contributed to the growth of colonies: Firstly, in the first place the discovery of new lands encouraged the various colonies to establish their colonies there. Laird's efforts were stimulated by the detailed reports of a pioneer German explorer, Heinrich Barth, who travelled through much of Borno and the Sokoto Caliphate, where he recorded information about the region's geography, economy and inhabitants. Another court was established in 1856 at Calabar, based on an agreement with local Efik traders which prohibited them from interfering with British merchants. He was contemptuous of the educated and Westernised African elite found more in the South, and he recommended transferring the capital from Lagos, the cosmopolitan city where the influence of these people was most pronounced, to Kaduna in the north. The Ekumeku, who were well organized and whose leaders were joined in secrecy oaths, effectively utilized guerrilla tactics to attack the British. by How Africa 6 years ago. sutton united average attendance; granville woods most famous invention; alcoa utilities power outage; tamko building products ownership; 30 Junio, 2022; factors that led to the british conquest of nigeria . The Industrial Revolution was a period of scientific and technological development in the 18th century that transformed largely rural, agrarian societiesespecially in Europe and North America . The most striking departure was in the Northern Region, where special provisions brought the regional constitution into consonance with Islamic law and custom. Clifford also believed that indirect rule encouraged centripetal tendencies. The classic example in English history was the victory of the Parliament over the king. [72], The Influenza pandemic made its way to the port of Lagos by September 1918 by way of a number of ships including the SS Panayiotis, the SS Ahanti, and the SS Bida. By 18261850, the British Royal Navy was intervening significantly with Lagos slave exports. Mordi, Emmanuel Nwafor. In the late 19th and early 20th century, Europeans had raced to colonize the country Africa. The essential basis of this system was a money economy specifically the British pound sterling which could be demanded through taxation, paid to cooperative natives, and levied as a fine. Vice consuls were assigned to ports that already had concluded treaties of cooperation with the Foreign Office. The Niger Delta and Calabar, which once had been known for the export of slaves, became notable for the export of palm oil. Military Conquest. The most dramatic event having a long-term effect on Nigeria's economic development was the discovery and exploitation of petroleum deposits. Free shipping for many products! The transfer of responsibility for budgetary management from the central to the regional governments in 1954 accelerated the pace of public spending on services and on development projects. British merchants led the trade in palm oil, while the Portuguese and others continued the slave trade. The Native Administration was headed by the traditional rulersmostly emirs in the north and often obas in the southand their District Heads, who oversaw a larger number of Village Heads. [70], Lugard's immediate successor (19191925), Sir Hugh Clifford, was an aristocratic professional administrator with liberal instincts who had won recognition for his enlightened governorship of the Gold Coast in 19121919. They wanted self-government, charging that only colonial rule prevented the unshackling of progressive forces in Nigeria and other states. British staffs in each region continued to operate according to procedures developed before unification. European slave trading from West Africa began before 1650, with people taken at a rate of about 3,000 per year. This led to protests known as Women's War. Whereas Lugard had applied lessons learned in the north to the administration of the south, Clifford was prepared to extend to the north practices that had been successful in the south. It made anti-slavery treaties with West African powers, which it enforced militarily with the blockade of Africa. One of the most influential monarchies in the history of England began in 1066 C.E. The militias and RWAFF battalions were reorganized into the RWAFF Nigeria Regiment.[62]. The Action Group was largely the creation of Chief Obafemi Awolowo, General Secretary of Egbe Omo Oduduwa and leader of the Nigerian Produce Traders' Association. [43][44] The British forces began annual pacification missions to convince the locals of British supremacy. In elections that year, the NYM ended the domination of the NNDP in the Legislative Council and worked to establish a national network of affiliates. Goods were made available on credit to African middlemen, who were expected to trade them at a pre-arranged price and deliver the proceeds to the company. 2. The trade subsequently continued under the Portuguese Empire. France sold Louisiana to the United States in 1803, the same year that it gave up on trying to regain Saint-Domingue from the Haitian Revolution. Nigerian units also contributed to two divisions serving with British forces in Palestine, Morocco, Sicily and Burma, where they won many honours. The introduction of the federal principle, with deliberative authority devolved on the regions, signalled recognition of the country's diversity. The large companies that subsequently opened depots in the delta cities and in Lagos were as ruthlessly competitive as the delta towns themselves and frequently used force to compel potential suppliers to agree to contracts and to meet their demands. According to the Trans-Atlantic Slave Voyage Database, 308,800 were sold across the Atlantic from Lagos in 17761850. It backed Yoruba irredentism in the Fulani-ruled emirate of Ilorin in the Northern Region, and separatist movements among non-Igbo in the Eastern Region. These organisations were primarily urban phenomena that arose after numerous rural migrants moved to the cities. Although Azikiwe later came to be recognised as the leading spokesman for national unity, when he first returned from university training in the United States, his outlook was pan-African rather than nationalist, and emphasised the common African struggle against European colonialism. Find many great new & used options and get the best deals for Final Conquest Verse By Verse Study of The Book Revelation DVD Robert Jeffress at the best online prices at eBay! Imperialism, or the extension of one nation-state's domination or control over territory outside its own boundaries, peaked in the 19th century as European powers extended their holdings around the world. Elections were held for a new and greatly enlarged House of Representatives in December 1959; 174 of the 312 seats were allocated to the Northern Region on the basis of its larger population. He was prepared to introduce educational and economic changes to strengthen the north. Lagos was the first part of Nigeria to be conquered and declare a British colony in 1861. Some of them began to migrate back from Sierra Leone in search of home and trade. Taxes became a source of discontent in the south, however, and contributed to disturbances protesting British policy. Its program reflected greater planning and was more ideologically oriented than that of the National Council of Nigeria and the Cameroons. There were numerous differences of detail among the regional systems, but all adhered to parliamentary forms and were equally autonomous in relation to the Nigerian federal government at Lagos. In 1850, the British created a "Court of Equity" at Bonny, overseen by Beecroft, which would deal with trade disputes. http://www.kibin.com/essay-examples/the-factors-that-led-to-the-colonization-of-africa-by-the-europeans-PLa41Sz5 Be sure to capitalize proper nouns (e.g. The NPC federal parliamentary leader, Abubakar Tafawa Balewa, was appointed Prime Minister of Nigeria. Developed from Mayan civilization B. acquired empires by means of military conquest C. Independently developed iron technology D. Depended entirely on oral record keeping . The Colonial Office approved most of Lugard's plan, but balked at authorising him to pass laws without their approval. By 1903 the conquest of the emirates was complete. At first, the trade centered around West Central Africa, now the Congo. Economic links among the regions increased, but indirect rule tended to discourage political interchange. David Ellis, "African and European relations in the last century of the transatlantic slave trade"; in Ptr-Grenouilleau. The conquest was personal to William. (Specifically it would enable direct subsidy of the less profitable Northern jurisdiction.) He was convinced that the Muslim religion had fallen into utter degeneration as a result of moral depravity of the Hausa Emirs. Most of the fighting was done by Hausa soldiers, recruited to fight against other groups. [51], Guidelines for running the Nigerian colony were established in 1898 by the Niger Committee, chaired by the Earl of Selborne, in 1898. Although he reported on the eastward flow of the Niger, he was forced to turn back when his equipment was lost to Muslim Arab slave traders. At the same time it is feasible by degrees to bring them gradually into approximation with our ideas of justice and humanity. Resistance was strong in western Igboland, where a series of wars were waged against the British. Consequently, he may well deserve the epithet of the "father of Nigeria", which historians accorded him. 1833 - The abolition of slavery throughout the British Empire. Hence, precolonial level of development is positively asso-ciated with level of Spanish colonialism, but negatively associated with level of British colonialism. When Faidherbe and his successors proceeded with their conquest of the hinterlands they met with strong and sustained resistance from a number of sources including the Moors, the Toucouleur Empire of Segou under Al Hajj Umar and the powerful Almamy . Ouidah (now part of Benin) and Lagos were the major ports on the coast. These recourses were considered a necessity to the industrialization of the world . Durres Port. These policies met with ongoing resistance. The first factor to be taken into account is that the British by nature are conservative. Nigerian recruits participated in the war effort as labourers and soldiers. Its final leg enabled it to meet another line, constructed 19071911, running from Baro, through Minnia, to Kano. [73], Africa as a whole was hit by three waves of H1N1 influenza A, the first and second would be the most deadly for the colony of Nigeria. Robin Hermann, "Empire Builders and Mushroom Gentlemen: The Meaning of Money in Colonial Nigeria". the British Government completed their assignment of conquest and came up with what they called the Amalgamation of Nigeria . Empty cart. [59], Following the order recommended by the Niger Committee, the Colonial Office merged Lagos Colony and the Southern Nigeria Protectorate on 1 May 1906, forming a larger protectorate (still called the Southern Nigeria Protectorate) which spanned the coastline between Dahomey and Cameroon. [18], In 1807, the Parliament of the United Kingdom enacted the Slave Trade Act, prohibiting British subjects from participating in the Atlantic slave trade. 3. Three years later internal divisions arose that was dominated by major ethnic loyalties. Indeed it was these developments in the history of Kano that transformed the political outlook of the people. Agents also collected intelligence for the colonial officials; they gathered information on public opinion and the military resources of the local polities; they also spied on rival colonial forces in foreign territories. [73] In direct reaction to the epidemic, colonial authorities allowed African doctors and medical personnel to work with influenza patients due to the severity of the situation. Its architecture was in both Victorian and Brazilian style, as many of the black elite were English-speakers from Sierra Leone and freedmen repatriated from the Empire of Brazil and Spanish Cuba. British colonialism destroyed the Ndebele state at the end of the nineteenth century. They gathered information which was needed for policy-making in administration. When direct Portuguese contacts in the region were withdrawn, however, the influence of the Catholic missionaries waned. British colony and protectorate from 1914 to 1960, Contemporary photograph of the same building, now housing the, Developments in colonial policy under Clifford, Emergence of Southern Nigerian nationalism, Constitutional conferences in the UK (195758), All of this section to this point is from. [32], In 1880, the British Government and traders demonetised the Maria Theresa dollar, to the considerable dismay of its local holders, in favour of the pound sterling. Palm oil was used locally for cooking, the kernels were a source for food, trees were tapped for palm wine, and the fronds were used for building material. factors that led to the british conquest of nigeria. The NPC captured 142 seats in the new legislature. (This was also reflective of growing pan-Africanism among American activists of the time.) Offers a bold rethink: a clear-eyed, unromanticized history of colonial Nigeria written by a Nigerian. Because of the spread of mission schools and wealth derived from export crops, the southern parties were committed to policies that would benefit the south of the country. In the meantime, public sector spending increased even more dramatically than export earnings. In 1946 a new constitution was approved by the British Parliament at Westminster and promulgated in Nigeria. The Governor was, in effect, the coordinator for virtually autonomous entities that had overlapping economic interests but little in common politically or socially. The rapid expansion in exports, especially after 1830, occurred precisely at the time slave exports collapsed. In practice, Lugard used the annual sessions to inform the traditional rulers of British policy, leaving them with no functions at the council's meetings except to listen and to assent. The palm oil trade was also linked to the Sokoto jihad and the Yoruba wars, because many warriors recognized the importance of slaves not only as soldiers and producers of food to feed soldiers but additionally as producers of palm oil to trade for European dane guns and other goods. Afeadie, Philip Atsu. Awolowo had little difficulty in appealing to broad segments of the Yoruba population, but he worked to avoid the Action Group from being stigmatized as a "tribal" group. The goal of activists initially was not self-determination, but increased participation on a regional level in the governmental process. On 9 May 1913, Lugard submitted a formal proposal to the Colonial Office in which Northern and Southern provinces would have separate administrations, under the control of a "strongly authoritarian" Governor-General. British colonialism led to the spread of the English language in Africa, and many former British colonies still maintain English as an official language. Some European traders switched to legitimate business only when the commerce in slaves became too hazardous. Beecroft agreed on condition that the slave trade be abolished, and British merchants have a monopoly in commodities. Thus Spain and Portugal set up colonies in Central and South America after it was discovered by Columbus. Colonial Nigeria was ruled by the British Empire from the mid-nineteenth century until 1960 when Nigeria achieved independence. [25][n 1], The missionaries gained in power throughout the 1800s. From there, the strategy to conquer the additional portions of what would be Nigeria was planned and executed until nearly all of what is today Nigeria was under British control in 1905. Britain annexed Lagos in 1861 and established the Oil River Protectorate in 1884.