Nicole thinks of herself as an honest, trustworthy person. Specifically, as applied to our results, this a1ternative explanation would maintain that perhaps, for some reason, the Ss in the One Dollar condition worked harder at telling the waiting girl that the tasks were fun and enjoyable. >> Doing so, they started to identify with the arguments and accept them as their own. They present some evidence, which is not altogether conclusive, in support of this explanation. According to research in interpersonal attraction, the most likely explanation for them to "find" each other is______. The same logic applies to selfish concerns such as getting other people to respect you. 4), we will here give only a brief outline of the reasoning. A rating of how persuasive and convincing the S was in what he said and the way in which he said it. Her improved performance is an example of. Actually, the result, as may be seen in the table, are in exactly the same direction, and the magnitude of the mean differences is fully as large as on the first question. {"cdnAssetsUrl":"","site_dot_caption":"Cram.com","premium_user":false,"premium_set":false,"payreferer":"clone_set","payreferer_set_title":"Psychology Chapter 12","payreferer_url":"\/flashcards\/copy\/psychology-chapter-12-1964384","isGuest":true,"ga_id":"UA-272909-1","facebook":{"clientId":"363499237066029","version":"v12.0","language":"en_US"}}. Instead the opposite happened. Deception is the cornerstone of the experiment conceived by Leon Festinger in the year 1959. 0000094931 00000 n Then, identify the underlined modifier by writing P for positive degree, C for comparative degree, or S for superlative degree. On the other hand, the ones who were paid $20, apparently had the money as their primary justification for carrying out their task. Harry's friend Logan studies a lot, so Harry assumes that Logan is smart. These Ss were hired for one dollar to tell a waiting S that tasks, which were really rather dull and boring, were interesting, enjoyab1e, and lots of fun. 0 the majority would administer 450 volts as instructed. _______ occurs when people begin to think that it is more important to maintain a group's cohesiveness than to objectively consider the facts. That is it. Underline the correct form of the modifier in parentheses in each sentence. Hoffer pointed out that, after the Nazis had started persecuting the Jews, it became easier for the average German citizen to hate the Jews. experiment. It was too long, and that preacher wasn't dressed up enough" would be an example of which type of processing? This is an example of_______ cause. The S worked at this task for another half hour. A bank loan officer thinks people who speak with an accent are lazy; consequently, he refuses to grant them loans. Sandy loves to play pool and has become quite good at the game. The major results of the experiment are summarized in Table 1 which lists, separately for each of the three experimental conditions, the average rating which the Ss gave at the end of each question on the interview. 49 0 obj The______explanation of prejudice assumes that the same processes that help form other attitudes form prejudiced attitudes. Hum. The participants who were paid only $1 to perform the boring So, to avoid dissonance, the person likes you. If no factors other than his private opinion are considered it would follow, at least in our culture, that if he believes "X" he would publicly state "X." The third asks whether that subject finds the activity important, again using the scale of 0 to 10. Kelman (1953) tried to pursue the matter further. While watching the TV game show Jeopardy, your roommate says, "The game show host, Alex Trebek, knows all the answers. A follow-up psychiatric exam found no signs of psychological problems after 1 year. In order to teach her second grade students about ______, teacher Jane Elliot created in-groups and out-groups based on the superficial characteristic of eye color. During the first week of the course, when the requirement of serving in experiments was announced and explained to the students, the instructor also told them about a study that psychology department was conducting. The group most likely to become a scapegoat is the group. 4. In the chapter section Attitudes and Behaviours that Affect Social Interaction, Paul Angelini (2011) introdected the negative elements of social interactio Use LEFT and RIGHT arrow keys to navigate between flashcards; Use UP and DOWN arrow keys to flip the card; audio not yet available for this language, In Solomon Asch's study, confederates were instructed to, give the incorrect answer to the line-matching task. We'll bring you back here when you are done. According to Sternberg, the emotional and psychical arousal a person feels for another is the_______ component of love. Results of the experiment showed that even though the tasks were indeed boring and uninteresting, the unpaid control group rated the activity a negative 0.45 (-0.45). Vince's behavior is an example of. The second area is whether the experiment gave the participant an opportunity to discover their own skills, using the scale of 0 to 10. Introducing Cram Folders! Festinger and Carlsmith had cleverly set up an opposition between behavioral theory, which was dominant in the 1950s, and Festinger's cognitive dissonance theory. Which of the following represents the cognitive component of an attitude? This works (according to cognitive dissonance theory) because, once the person has put out time and energy to help you, the person must develop an attitude consistent with the behavior. Therefore the person's attitude changes. /ImageC The results, according to the researchers, display the cognitive dissonance phenomenon. No problem, save it as a course and come back to it later. The present experiment was designed to test this derivation under controlled, laboratory conditions. Imagine 100 individuals are asked to take part in a replication of Milgram's famous study on obedience. This was rated in the same way as for the content before the remark. Chris is showing, Carol is told by a police officer to move her car, and she does so. This works (according to cognitive dissonance theory) because, once the person has put out time and energy to help you, the person must develop an attitude consistent with the behavior. _______ love, based on many years of shared responsibilities and experiences, is what binds many marriages together. This point will be discussed further in connection with the results. /Info 46 0 R Alex, who is in the honors program, failed to do his share of the work on the group project with his four classmates. You don't need our permission to copy the article; just include a link/reference back to this page. Typically the behavior is in the past, by the time the person feels dissonance, so the behavior cannot be changed. Based on experiments by Festinger and Carlsmith, the idea that people are motivated to have consistent attitudes and behaviors. What is the reason for the lack of action, according to Darley and Latane? When the participants were asked to evaluate the experiment, the participants who were paid only $1 rated the tedious task as more fun and enjoyable than the participants who were paid $20 to lie. Some have already been discussed. The girl, after this listened quietly, accepting and agreeing to everything the S told her. Leon Festinger and James Carlsmith conducted a study on cognitive dissonance investigating on the cognitive consequences of forced compliance. The five ratings were: 1. Their job is to give the next group of participants a delightful introduction of the tasks they have previously performed. endobj You must turn off your ad blocker to use Psych Web; however, we are taking pains to keep advertising minimal and unobtrusive (one ad at the top of each page) so interference to your reading should be minimal. stream One side argued that football was good for a university, the other side argued that it was harmful. Which of the following is not one of the elements of effective persuasion? The 71 subjects were informed that the experiment focuses on the "Measures of Performance." Research has found that the view that opposites attract, According to Sternberg, love consists of intimacy, passion, and, Sternberg's Triangular Theory of Love says that companionate love consists of, Karen intentionally tries to hurt Lisa by spreading rumors about her. The participants were interviewed afterwards and were asked to rate the experiment in four areas (Cognitive Dissonance). In this case, the One Dollar group should be motivated to believe that the experiment was enjoyable. Which of the following represents an example of cognitive dissonance? He was told again to use one band and to work at his own speed. (Goleman, 1991). His hair is uncombed and he hasn't shaved in a few days. Which of the following is the best example of the behavioral component of an attitude? Which of the following has been shown to be true concerning the "teachers" in Milgram's experiment? Franklin said if you want someone to like you, get that person to do you a favor. ---------------------References: This question was included because there was a chance that differences might emerge. soc. Hence, one would expect the results on this question to be very similar to the results on "how enjoyable the tasks were" but weaker. This question is less directly related to the dissonance that was experimentally created for the Ss. First published in Journal of Abnormal and Social Psychology, 58, 203-210. 90 0 obj <>/Filter/FlateDecode/ID[<20DCF6A9F66A934D9B18D4D3D2546E7A><7EBEFA77420BBC4EB7D76A22531484C2>]/Index[80 30]/Info 79 0 R/Length 66/Prev 129900/Root 81 0 R/Size 110/Type/XRef/W[1 2 1]>>stream Why this might have been the case is, of course, not immediately apparent. This is manifested in the phenomenon called cognitive dissonance. Gerard goes to his job interview dressed in patched blue jeans, a torn t-shirt, and sandals. Sandy was using_______ processing. To study this, Festinger and Carlsmith performed an experiment using seventy-one male students at . The question was included because, as far as we could see, it had nothing to do with the dissonance that was experimentally created and could not be used for dissonance reduction. The subjects who received $1 did not have a very good reason to lie. How would a social psychologist describe this situation? It is possible, then, that the results on this question, shown in the third row of figures in Table 1, might reflect dissonance reduction. Eliot Aronson, himself a famous social psychologist and former student of Festinger, called this "the most important experiment in the history of social psychology" ("Social Researcher", 1984). // adblocker detected (p.3). %PDF-1.5 One of the major weaknesses of the data is that not all subjects in the experiment made an overt statement contrary to their private opinion in order to obtain the offered reward. To reduce the feeling of discomfort about lying, they persuaded themselves they actually enjoyed the experiment. Researchers have found that a________ degree of fear in a message makes it more effective particularly when it it combined with __________. Psychologists familiar with dissonance theory said just the opposite. One other point before we proceed to examine the data. Participants were asked, "Would you please tell the next subject in line that the experiment was fun and enjoyable?" Shawn and Tanya start talking after they've ridden on the dorm elevator several times together. Let us consider a person who privately holds opinion "X" but has, as a result of pressure brought to bear on him publicly stated that he believes "not X.". Leon Festinger introduced cognitive dissonance theory in a 1957 book, A Theory of Cognitive Dissonance. If you want somebody to like you, induce the person to perform "liking behavior" such as doing you a favor. Their prediction provedcorrect. A person who is very low in self-worth is less likely to be affected by the_____. This is a direct result of Cognitive Dissonance. Cognitive Dissonance refers to the discomfort that is felt when a person has two beliefs that conflict with each other, or when they are engaging in . After the debate, students expressed beliefs closer to their debate position than before (Scott, 1957). In the Latane and Darley experiment, subjects were most likely to help when______. Physical attractiveness is most involved in which of the following aspects of persuasion? All of the following are decision points in helping behavior EXCEPT. Two studies reported by Janis and King (1954; 1956) clearly showed that, at least under some conditions, the private opinion changes so as to bring it into closer correspondence with the overt behavior the person was forced to perform. Goleman, D. (1991, July 16) New way to battle bias: fight acts, not feelings. Three conditions were run, Control, One Dollar, and Twenty Dollars as follows: If the S hesitated, the E said things like, "It will only take a few minutes," "The regular person is pretty reliable; this is the first time he has missed," or "If we needed you we could phone you a day or two in advance; if you couldn't make it of course, we wouldn't expect you to come." The findings of the classic Festinger and Carlsmith (1959) experiment indicate that: According to _________ theory, prejudice may result, at least in part, from the need to increase one's own self-esteem by looking down on others. gsKkaO\Cw`c L J=x8;zy\kd7vHzl=1~6}4=m_IQfKn[3Mqwp0uyM-P:. As long as people are not paid a lot of money or given some other obvious inducement to perform the behavior, they will convince themselves it is enjoyable. Jane used ______ when receiving the officer's message. dissonance, and as a result, they would rate the task as less 0000000868 00000 n Subjects were subjected to a boring experience and then paid to tell someone that the experience had been interesting and enjoyable. York University, Toronto, Ontario. To start with, she asks her boyfriend to cook dinner for her. Similarly, the knowledge that he has said "not X" is consonant with (does fit together with) those cognitive elements corresponding to the reasons, pressures, promises of rewards and/or threats of punishment which induced him to say "not X. are learned through experiences and contact with others, Cindy tastes peas for the first time and realizes she does not like them. Then the commitments get more involved, such as donations of money and moving in the with the cult members. <>stream Festinger, L. and Carlsmith, J. M. (1959). 1 According to Festinger and Carlsmith, the participants experienced dissonance between the conflicting cognitions of telling someone that a particular task is interesting when the truth is, they found it rather uninteresting and boring. Our identity is in part created by identifying ourselves with the organization or the community for which the sacrifices have been made. Sigmund Freud believed that aggression is. In the third element of social identity theory, people use _______ to improve their self-esteem. They were instructed to put spools onto and off the try with only one hand for half an hour, and then turn 48 square pegs clockwise for the next half hour. The interview consisted of four questions, on each of which the S was first encouraged to talk about the matter and was then asked to rate his opinion or reaction on an 11-point scale. 0000013918 00000 n Leon Festinger and James Carlsmith conducted a study on cognitive dissonance investigating on the cognitive consequences of forced compliance. About Press Copyright Contact us Creators Advertise Developers Terms Privacy Policy & Safety How YouTube works Test new features NFL Sunday Ticket Press Copyright . For example, one way would be for the S to magnify for himself the value of the reward he obtained. Every individual has his or her own way of evaluating their own selves and usually this is done by comparing themselves to others. Evanston, IL: Row & Peterson. $20 in the 1950s was equivalent to over $100 now. Don't have time for it all now? The most likely predictor of the development of prejudice and discrimination between two groups is the degree of _____ between the groups. In 1959, Leon Festinger and Merrill Carlsmith looked to test Festinger's theory of cognitive dissonance. With everything else held constant, this total magnitude of dissonance would decrease as the number and importance of the pressures which induced him to say "not X" increased. He introduced the girl and the S to one another saying that the S had just finished the experiment and would tell her something about it. 112 Rating scale 0 to 10. The participants who were paid only $1 to perform the boring The opposite of Franklin's principle is described by Eric Hoffer, in The True Believer (1951). We mentioned in the introduction that Janis and King (1954; 1956) in explaining their findings, proposed an explanation in terms of the self-convincing effect of mental rehearsal [p. 209] and thinking up new arguments by the person who had to improvise a speech. Christopher D. Green They were urged to cooperate in these interviews by being completely and honest. The difference between the One and Twenty Dollar conditions reaches the .08 level of significance on a two-tailed test (t = 1.79). His refusal to grant them loans is an example of________. It implies that if you want to change attitudes, all you have to do is change behavior, and the attitudes will follow along. The participants who were in the control group were not given any motivation. 0000000848 00000 n The defendant was not very well spoken and came from a very poor background, but Sandy listened carefully to the evidence presented and made her decision based on that. Would the subject be willing to do a small favor for the experimenter? According to the bystander effect, Leshan is more likely to get help if there is (are)______. How do we explain this? /ImageB This person has two cognitions which, psychologically, do not fit together: one of these is the knowledge that he believes "X," the other the knowledge that he has publicly stated that he believes "not X." You can use it freely (with some kind of link), and we're also okay with people reprinting in publications like books, blogs, newsletters, course-material, papers, wikipedia and presentations (with clear attribution). When they arrived at the interviewer's office, the E asked the interviewer whether or not he wanted to talk to the S. The interviewer said yes, the E shook hands with the S, said good-bye, and left. The present experiment was listed as a two-hour experiment dealing with "Measures of Performance.". Three Ss (one in the One Dollar and two in the Twenty Dollar condition) refused to take the money and refused to be hired. /Parent 45 0 R How did the Festinger and Carlson experiment work? In 1959, Festinger, along with James Carlsmith, tested this theory (Cognitive Dissonance). . When Gene goes out of town, he expects, in return, that Roger will water his plants. Leon Festinger and his colleague James Cognitive dissonance is when we experience conflicting thoughts, beliefs, or attitudes. in the experiment we varied the amount of reward used to force persons to make a statement contrary to their private views. The average rating in this condition is only -.05, slightly and not significantly higher than the Control condition. One group was being paid that amount to lie to the next subject about the boring experiment. /Contents 58 0 R In Festinger and Carlsmith's (1959) experiment in which they asked individuals to "lie" and tell . A little more than 60 years ago, Leon Festinger published A Theory of Cognitive Dissonance (1957). Don't see what you need? Festinger and Carlsmith then investigated whether there's a standing evidence of cognitive dissonance where boring tasks were seen as enjoyable. Prev page|Page top|Chapter Contents|Next page Seventy-one male students in the introductory psychology course at Stanford University were used in the experiment. One Dollar condition. A person's conformity in a situation like the Asch line study is most likely to be strongest when________. Which of the following is not an element of social identity theory? Lilly's mother always listens to the classic rock station on her car radio, so Lilly has grown up hearing that music and noticing how much her mother enjoys it. And, indeed, in the Control condition the average rating was -.45, somewhat on the negative side of the neutral point. Which of the following does NOT represent an effective method for reducing prejudice? Two Ss (both in the One Dollar condition) told the girl that they had been hired, that the experiment was really boring but they were supposed to say it was fun. The content of what the S said after the girl made the above-mentioned remark. Abused children grow up to become abusers about one third of the time. In the One Dollar condition, since the magnitude of dissonance was high, the pressure to reduce this dissonance would also be high. Goleman, D. (1991, July 16) New way to battle bias: fight acts, not feelings. endstream Oct. 2011. They were not paid anything or paid 1 dollar or 20 dollars. 0000000658 00000 n Which of the following statements about stereotypes is FALSE? When her boyfriend refuses, she asks, "Well, will you at least wash the dishes then?" According to Sternberg, married (committed) people who also have intimacy and passion are in the form of love called______love. This is. According to the text, which of the following has not been studied as a cause of aggressive behavior? Festinger's theory of cognitive dissonance has been one . "Fight acts, not feelings," is the banner of anti-racist social scientists. Which of the following is not one of the three things people do to reduce cognitive dissonance? A police officer comes to Jane's office to discuss personal safety with the employees there. Those who got $1 to perform a boring task said the task was more interesting than did those who got $2. Sets of assumptions that people have about how different types of people, personality traits, ion. those paid $1 changed their opinion more to reduce dissonance while those paid $20 had a motivational reason to enjoy the task so they experienced less dissonance, people change their opinions to reduce dissonance when they are forced to do something they dont like, Lab experiment with interview; independent sample design, Leon Festinger and Merrill Carlsmith (1959), Psych 203 Thoughts out of tune festinger and, Tversky and Kahneman 1981 biases in thinking, Topic Two: Population and Community Ecology, John Lund, Paul S. Vickery, P. Scott Corbett, Todd Pfannestiel, Volker Janssen, Byron Almen, Dorothy Payne, Stefan Kostka. The E then removed the tray and spools and placed in front of the S a board containing 48 square pegs. The discussion between the S and the girl was recorded on a hidden tape recorder. This illustrates, If Julie holds the specific attitude that smoking is bad and will likely have an adverse effect on her health, possibly causing lung cancer or emphysema, Julie is, more likely to match her behavior to her attitude by not smoking, When trying to persuade an audience, the message should. One way in which the dissonance can be reduced is for the person to change his private opinion so as to bring it into correspondence with what he has said. The favor was to take the place of the research assistant, who was supposed to prepare subjects for the experiment by giving them a positive attitude toward it. In this study, research participants were asked to spend an hour completing boring tasks (for example, repeatedly loading spools onto a tray). [/PDF They were paid a lot of money to lie, and that explained why they lied. Cram has partnered with the National Tutoring Association, Conformity In The Stanford Prison Experiment, Stereotypes: The Role Of Discrimination In Social Groups, Summary Of Stereotypes That Affect Social Interaction. What happens to a person's private opinion if he is forced to do or say something contrary to that opinion? This subtle dynamic makes cognitive dissonance a powerful tool for changing attitudes. The neurotransmitter that seems most involved in aggression is_________. You should not put up with abuse, because people who treat you poorly will adopt negative beliefs about you, in order to be consistent with their behavior toward you. %PDF-1.7 % The war in Iraq, the design of the ship Titanic, and the Challenger disaster are all given in the textbook as examples of, If your roommate asks you for a ride to campus and you agree, and then the next day asks if he can borrow your car, it is an example of the. From this point on, as the promised rewards or threatened punishment become larger, the magnitude of dissonance becomes smaller. KELMAN, H. Attitude change as a function of response restriction Hum. Since these derivations are stated in detail by Festinger (1957, Ch. Jeff is assuming a, Cheryl got a bad grade on her test, which she attributes to the fact that she had to work overtime throughout the week and so could not study as much as usual. 0000000974 00000 n The result that the Twenty Dollar condition is actually lower than the Control condition is undoubtedly a matter of chance (t = 0.58). 47 14 two different groups dealing with the aftermath of a hurricane. 2. The importance of this announcement will become clear shortly. Rating scale -5 to +5, Stanley Milgram : Obedience to Authority Experiments, Conformity under Social Pressure : Solomon Asch, Stephen Fry quotations and quotes on God and Religion, Stephen Fry's controversial interview on Irish TV, The Nature vs. Nurture debate or controversy, Stanley Milgram's experiments on Obedience to Authority, The Perils of Obedience, (Harper's Magazine article), by Stanley Milgram, Festinger and Carlsmith ~ Cognitive consequences of forced compliance, Albert Hastorf and Hadley Cantril ~ They Saw a Game: A Case Study, The Robbers Cave experiment. 0000012870 00000 n Cognitive dissonance is one form of social comparison. We will have more to say concerning this explanation in discussing the results of our experiment.