Christian missionaries often led the way, followed by politicians, troops, andbringing up the rearbusinessmen. Library of Congress Prints and Photographs Division. 8, Issue 4, pp. (Shannon: Irish University Press, 1972)(New York: Barnes & Noble Books, 1972). Even the language of Lifes caption is subversive, for it picks up a famous pro-imperialist speech by Theodore Roosevelt titled The Strenuous Life. Delivered on April 10, 1899, two years before Roosevelt became president, the most famous lines of the speech were these: I wish to preach, not the doctrine of ignoble ease, but the doctrine of the strenuous life, the life of toil and effort, of labor and strife; to preach that highest form of success which comes, not to the man who desires mere easy peace, but to the man who does not shrink from danger . Maine exploded and sank in the harbor at Havana. Source:Library of Congress. What historical event or imperialist practice is this referencing? White man's burden--1900-1910, - In this 1898 cartoon, Britannia (Great Britain) welcomes Columbia (the United States) as an estranged daughter and new imperialist partner. Africa is the setting. The regular army was dissolved after the war and the ironclad warships gradually fell into disrepair. Brandishing the flag of Civilization, Britannia leads white troops and settlers against native forces under the banner of Barbarism.. It allows prisoners to enjoy the view from the outside and have the illusion of freedom (Official Report to the War Office. 4, pp. Mans Burden, in the caption to thisLifecover published shortly after Kiplings poem. In an 1895 Puck cartoon, A Rival Who Has Come to Stay, John Bull gapes while Uncle Sam proudly displays his prowess as Uncle Sam the Ship Builder. The U.S. Navy moved up from twelfth to fifth place in the world. ), yesterday we took important commandos. II. The Life cartoon takes a different view of the barbarism in these events, focussing on Allied brutality against the Chinese. Additional images from the issue depict barbaric behavior by the multinational force that intervened in China during the Boxer Uprising. description Summary Illustration shows Britannia carrying a large white flag labeled "Civilization" with British soldiers and colonists behind her, advancing on a horde of natives, one carrying a flag labeled "Barbarism". T Time A Action A man stand up over a land C Caption The Rhodes Colossus Striding from Cape Town to Cairo O Objects A giant man, boots, land, a hat, clouds a gun, uniform. In Library of Congress notes on this image, the seated figure on the left is identified as Minervathe Roman goddess of wisdom, arts, and commerce. Published in April 27, 1898, the first cartoon calls the monumental warship The Sphinx of the Period: an unknown quantity in modern warfare. About a month later, a June 1 graphic picks up on the Sphinx metaphor and declares The American Battle-Ship is No Longer an Unknown Quantity. A pugnacious sailor and sweeping U.S. flag have replaced the inscrutable sphinx; guns are smoking, the Spanish fleet lies sunken below. such as microfilm or copy prints? Source: Library of Congress. Ricard, Serge. U.S. Whom or what did you include or leave out of the image? What did the public back home know about the fighting of these far-off wars? As the Heathen See Us: Reversing the Gaze. It was planned as a link between Cape Town in South Africa and Port Said in Egypt. A rescue expedition made up of troops from eight nations, under the command of the British Vice-Admiral Edward Seymour, left Tianjin for Beijing. Take a look at the pictures and answer the questions to determine what these cartoons tell us about the era of imperialism. Source:Library of Congress. Barbarism lies at the base of the mountain to be climbed by Uncle Sam and John Bullwith civilization far off at the hoped-for end of the journey, where a glowing figure proffers education and liberty. The fifth stanza of Kiplings poem refers to an ascent toward the light: Barbarisms companion attributes of backwardness, spelled out on the boulders underfoot, include oppression, brutality, vice, cannibalism, slavery, and cruelty. achievement, From the Cape to Cairo, published in 1900, not only chronicled the events of a harrowing two year walking tour of Africa, but also discussed many of the problems that confronted . Copyright 1902 by Keppler & Schwarzmann. Militarily beneath notice by the major European powers, and able to resolve conflicts with Britain in the Western Hemisphere diplomatically, there was little pressure for a strong military in the U.S. With minimal military expenditures, the U.S. economy grew rapidly. Alternatively, you can purchase copies of various types through To maintain its position in the international balance of power, Britain needed allies. An elaborate Puck graphic from early in 1899 called School Begins incorporates all the players in a classroom scene to illustrate the legitimacy of governing without consent. A pair of 1898 graphics offer before and after snapshots related to two major events. Bickers, Robert A. and R. G. Tiedemann, editors (Lanham: Rowman & Littlefield, 2007). The image appeared in the June 27, 1901 issue of LAssiette au Beurre by Steinlen titled, A Vision de Hugo, 18021902. The full mural decries the bloodshed of colonial warfare in Turkey, China, and Africa. Imperial and Anti-Imperial Constructions of Civilisation: Engagements with Pre-Modern Pasts.Geopolitics, Vol. More about Copyright and other Restrictions. Lucky Filipinos.Life, May 3, 1900. A post-conflict report calculated that close to 28,000 white Boers perished (the vast majority of them children under sixteen), while fatalities among incarcerated native Africans numbered over 14,000 at the very least. 8, No. The Origins of the Boxer Uprising(Berkeley: University of California Press, 1987). The aggressive quest for new marketsChinas millions being the most covetedwas justified as part of the benevolent and inevitable spread of progress. 377. In the Rubber Coils. Library of Congress Duplication Services. Citing Primary Sources. Powered by WordPress. Source:Library of Congress, This rueful cartoon places Confucius and Jesus side-by-side and laments the failure of all parties to practice what they preach. Christian missionaries, their Chinese converts, and eventually all foreigners were blamed for the troubles and attacked by Boxer bands of disenfranchised young men. ), In an image titled, Vers le Camp de Reconcentration (To the Concentration Camp), women and children are dragged off by British soldiers. site.). The caption reads: The Stranger: How long have you been civilized? Abe Ignacio, Enrique de la Cruz, Jorge Emmanuel, Helen Toribo. Anthropomorphizing nations and concepts meant that in an 1899 cartoon captioned The White Mans Burden, the U.S., as Uncle Sam, could be shown trudging after Britains John Bull, his Anglo-Saxon partner, carrying non-white nationsdepicted in grotesque racist caricaturesuphill from the depths of barbarism to the heights of civilization. (The artist signed his name on the grave on the lower right.). Source:Bibliothque nationale de France. What are the motivations/justifications for this anti-imperialism? Un treillage de fer travers par un courant lectrique est la plus saine et la plus sre des cltures. But by the 1890s, emerging industrial powerhouses like the U.S. and Germany reduced Britains industrial dominance. Daggett, Aaron Simon. This unit examines cartoons from the turn-of-the-century visual record that reference civilization and its nemesisbarbarism. Presence of a German fleet lent evidence to one of the justifications the U.S. gave for war with Spain, that is, to protect the Philippines from takeover by a rival major power. Business and government colluded with the military in silencing press coverage of the poor conditions suffered by American soldiers, including scandals around tainted supplies, and the grim realities of the Philippine-American War itselfcensorship that foreshadowed the broader excising of the unpleasant war from national memory. Explain your reasoning. Explain the Sepoy rebellion and the reaction to this rebellion as detailed in the cartoon. Think It Over. The conspicuously larger size of Britannias big guns in Pucks cartoon reflects Englands leading role in imperial conquest. The test of U.S. naval power came with the Spanish-American War. - Keppler, U. J. Wilhelm points ahead, where the inhabitants flee. He offers each student a dealif they both sign a statement admitting to . Do the Access Advisory or Call Number fields above indicate that a non-digital surrogate exists, The aggressors brought progress in the form of modern technology, communications, and Western dress and culture. Britannia, carrying a large white flag labeled "Civilization" with British soldiers and colonists behind her, advances on a horde of natives, one carrying a flag labeled "Barbarism." Painting carried a portfolio inscribed Light. 3, pp. Lifes satire of the white mans burden mystique offers a procession of the supporters of the new imperialism beginning with missionaries and ending with the traveling salesman. It is just to use every legitimate means for the enlargement of American trade; but we seek no advantages in the Orient which are not common to all. The war was declared over by President Theodore Roosevelt in 1902 but continued in parts of the country until 1913. It Ought to be a Happy New Year. Le Royaume-Uni (United Kingdom) Jean Veber,LAssiette au Beurre, September 28, 1901. These more critical graphics did not exist in a vacuum. As the Heathen See Us A Meeting of the Chinese Foreign Missions Society. John S. Pughe,Puck, November 21, 1900. Now clad in armor and carrying a spear, she threatens to intervene to stop the anti-foreign, anti-Christian acts of anarchy, murder, and riot that have spread to Beijing. Civilization (to China). Copyright 1902 by Keppler & Schwarzmann. President McKinley at the Conference of Foreign Missions. The fallen man clasps the flag of the Philippine independence movement, inscribed with the words Give Us Liberty. His hat quotes the most famous phrase in the U.S. To contact Reference staff in the Prints and Photographs Reading Room, please use our the Library of Congress because of rights considerations, but you have access to larger size images on The 1901 date indicates that the specific reference is to Allied reprisals against Chinese civilians following the Boxer Uprising. In his right hand Rhodes holds a pith helmet with a rifle slung around his right shoulder. One cannot imagine a blunter caption than the one that accompanied his 1900 cartoon for Judge: And, after all, the Philippines Are Only the Stepping-Stone to China. In Flohris image, Uncle Samheavily laden with steel, railroads, bridges, farm equipment, and the likegives a cursory nod to the spread of civilization by grasping a book titled "Education" and "Religion. The confident giant is greeted with open arms by a diminutive yellow-clad Chinese mandarin. Accusations of atrocities against civilians on the ten-day march to Beijing were made in first-hand accounts of the mission. The Laureate of Empire.Raritan: A Quarterly Review. Additionally, engaging in image analysis will continue to help you build this important analytical skill, and producing an image will help your visual presentation skills. Most viewers will probably agree that there is nothing really comparable in the contemporary world of political cartooning to the drafting skill and flamboyance of these single-panel graphics, which appeared in such popular periodicals as Puck and Judge. But just take a look at the class ahead of you, and remember that, in a little while, you will feel as glad to be here as they are!. hier encore nous avons pris un important commando. Co., Puck Bldg. One was the second Boer War of 18991902 that pitted British forces against Dutch-speaking settlers in South Africa and their black supporters. It would have been the largest and most important railway of that continent. Women and children were included among the Boer prisoners of the British. Please use: Dr. Beasleys Calendar to book appointment times. Lucky Filipinos: the Philippine-American War. He has a somewhat serious but proud expression on his face, as though his is flaunting the land. In The Pigtail Has Got to Go, a white-robed goddess wears a star that radiates over a Chinese mandarin. to our monthly Newsletter to learn and link to the content of each issue. The caption refers to a Bible passage in which belief is nearly, but not completely reached. Vebers series, Les Camps de Reconcentration au Transvaal, begins with the cover image Le Silence, in which a veiled woman holds her finger to her lips, standing over the remnants of what appears to be an electric fence and a plow that suggests the earth has been tilled to bury evidence. In the centerfold of the August 16, 1899 issue of Puck, the not-so-cynical Keppler extended his feminization of global power politics to other great nations including a new arrival on the scene: Japan. The phrase became a trope in articles and graphics dealing with imperialism and the advancement of Western civilization against barbariansor as the poem put it, Your new-caught sullen peoples, Half devil and half child.. The black-and-white drawing by William H. Walker captured the harsh reality behind the ideal of benevolent assimilation, depicting imperialists Uncle Sam, John Bull, Kaiser Wilhelm, and, coming into view, a figure that probably represents France, as burdens carried by vanquished non-white peoples. Harpers Weekly later echoed the classroom scene with a cover captioned Uncle Sams New Class in the Art of Self-Government. The class is disrupted by revolutionaries from the new U.S. territories of the Philippines and Cuba, whose vicious fight brands them as barbarously unfit for self-rule. 799820 (June 2000). Gillams sub-caption is All this for politicsis civilization advancing?. From the Cape to Cairo / Keppler. Though the Process Be Costly, The Road of Progress Must Be Cut," states that progress must be pursued despite suffering on both sides. The Forbidden Book: The Philippine-American War in Political Cartoons(San Francisco: TBoli Pub. Vol. Uncle Sams New Class in the Art of Self-Government. W. A. Rogers,Harpers Weekly: A Journal of Civilization, August 27, 1898. Uncle Sam breaks up a fight between students identified as Cuban Ex-Patriot and Guerilla in his New Class in the Art of Self-Government. The famous white-haired general, Mximo Gmez, a master of insurgency tactics in the Cuban Independence War (18951898) reads a book with his name on it. Wake / J. Ottmann Lith. Having purchased the Philippines from Spain per the Treaty of Paris for $20 million, the Americans then had to fight Filipino resisters to benevolent assimilation. The Philippine-American War dragged on with a large number of Filipino fatalities, shocking Americans unused to foreign wars. Britain leads the way in this harsh rendering, shouldering the burden of China, India, Egypt, and Soudan. The United States staggers behind carrying grotesque racist caricatures labeled Filipino, Porto Rico, Cuba, Samoa, and Hawaii.. All Missionaries and Converts Being Exterminated. Good Will to Nobody., The Poet, the President & The White Mans Burden, Rudyard Kiplings poem that begins with the line Take up the White Mans burden was published in the United States in the February, 1899 issue of McClures Magazine, as the American war against the First Philippine Republic began to escalate. Photograph. White man's burden--1900-1910, - On November 29, 1892, while on a visit to London, Rhodes made a speech in which he dramatically announced that he intended to extend the Colony's telegraphic connections across the entire continent - not only to Lake Tanganyika and Uganda, but through the fundamentalist Islamic Sudan and all the way to British Cairo. By the spring of 1900, Boxer attacks were spreading toward the capital city of Beijing. Appelbaum, Stanley. The title of the cartoon calls attention to the barbarous uses of much modern technology and so-called progress., les prisonniers bors ont t runis en de grands enclos o depuis 18 mois ils trouvent le repos et le calme. The caption is ominous: War on Earth. The language obviously resonated with the Kipling-esque imagery of white men bringing enlightenment to new-caught sullen peoples, half-devil and half-child. People of darkness was, moreover, a perception that missionaries (whom Twain excoriated) routinely applied to the heathen natives of non-Christian lands. 1 print : chromolithograph. 202-212 (September 2010). If only black-and-white ("b&w") sources are listed and you desire a copy showing The countries have been jumbled to align them with American or British imperialistic interests. Were we to transport an army more than half way around the earth merely to listen to peace propositions? The message suggests that the indigenous man will be brought out of ignorance through the inescapable march of progress in the form of Western civilization. China peeps over the wall. Vultures hover above the procession, and the artifacts of past civilization are trampled underfoot at the rear. This will help reinforce what you've already learned about imperialism and will give you more insight into both the minds of the imperialists as well as those who rejected this type of domination. Bello, Walden. During the last decade of the 19th century, the antagonistic relationship between Great Britain and the United Statesrooted in colonial rebellion and heightened in territorial conflicts like the War of 1812grew into a sympathetic partnership. Cecil John Rhodes was born on 5 July 1853 in the small hamlet of Bishops Stortford, England. Almost exactly eight years subsequent to this cartoon's publication, former president Theodore Roosevelt emerged from a long safari in Africa and, invited to speak in Cairo, Egypt, lectured the British about proper colonial administration -- "or leave Egypt. In this activity, you will analyze and then create cartoons about imperialism. The feminine representations of imperial nations pictured here include Russia, Turkey, Italy, Austria, Spain, and France. title not id. the Prints and Photographs Reading Room. The march of civilization against barbarism is a late-19th-century construct that cast imperialist wars as moral crusades. Keppler, Udo J., Artist. The caption, titled The First Duty, carries this subtitle: Civilization (to China)That dragon must be killed before our troubles can be adjusted. Explain the message within this particular cartoon using the details the cartoonist has included in it. The humanity of our soldiers is admirable and does not tire despite the ferocity of the Boers (Official Report to the War Office. Phillips, Richard and Jones, Rhys. Keppler portrays the conflict between the British and Sudanese as a struggle of the representatives of civilization against the forces of barbarism. Although the imagery used to depict the barbarians is not specifically evocative of the Middle East, it is a reflection of the predominant Western attitude toward the enterprise of colonialism and imperialism at the dawn of the twentieth century. Weekly: https://gmu.zoom.us/meeting/tJYsf-6hpzooHtCcgUHFQlJ5Hy13bvsr3WDv/ics?icsToken=98tyKuCqrzMtE92Ush2DRowQBYqgKPPxmH5Bgrd-nxjQKwZibimjHvsTYbBpA8qD. Although Wilhelm II was famous for introducing the concept of a yellow peril, Germanys major colonial possessions were in Africa. The dream reached its most audacious dimensions in Cecil Rhodes's ill-fated plans for a Cape-to-Cairo railway. | Save the republic : Anti-imperialist leaflet no. The Rhodes Colossus Striding From Cape Town To Cairo Analysis Eliza Herrenkohl My eye was first drawn to the man's facial expression and his helmet with his arms spread wide. He is greeted with open arms by a mandarin and Wanted signs articulating prodigious opportunities for business. For guidance about compiling full citations consult From the high to the low, by 1901 the collaboration between the two Anglo nations held a different fate for the globe. "MOJ 75-A 495": intended for microfilm. When a Chinese coolie strikes a French soldier the result is a public cry of Barbarity! But when a French soldier strikes a coolie, it's a necessary blow for civilization. Ren Georges Hermann-Paul,Le Cri de Paris, July 10, 1899. In the U.S., despite spirited resistance from Anglophobic Irish immigrants and anti-imperialist leagues, overseas military campaigns gradually gained public support. Heine used the pages of Simplicissimusto denounce the atrocious conduct of Prussian troops during the Allied intervention in China, where the German forces obviously took to heart Wilhelm IIs exhortation to show no mercy. In this activity, you will first analyze political cartoons about imperialism, and then create your own anti-imperialist cartoon. , 1902. and Distributor, 2004). In the civilization narrative, barbarians were commonly identified as the non-Western, non-white, non-Christian natives of the less-developed nations of the world. [p. 199], The Way We Get the War News. You will probably need to use the links or conduct additional research to find the information to answer these questions. Duplication Services Web site. Philippines, Hawaii, Cuba, Porto Rico. A Native American reads a book upside down and a prospective Chinese pupil stands in the doorway. Mans Burden William H. Walker, cover illustration,Life, March 16, 1899. In often searing graphics, they challenged the complacent propagandists for Western expansion by addressing (and illustrating) a devastating question about the savage wars of peace. Nishi, Masao - Institut Mirovogo Khoziastva I Mirovo Politiki (Kommunisticheskaia Akademiia) - Varga, Eugen. 11 [-21]. Pro-imperialist cartoons often depicted the West as literally shining the light of civilization and progress on barbaric peoples. No known restrictions on publication. 1 print : chromolithograph. Europeans, this reads, Pour the Blessings of Their Culture over the Globe., Der Europer giesst die Segnungen seiner Kultur ber den Erdball aus (The Europeans pour the blessings of its culture over the globe). Hanna was a wealthy businessman with investments in coal and iron who financed McKinleys 1896 election campaign with record-breaking fundraising that led to the defeat of opponent William Jennings Bryan. Pages. Transatlantic dimensions of the American Anti-Imperialist Movement, 1899-1909.Journal of Transatlantic Studies. Includes bibliographical references and index. He was the fifth son of Francis William Rhodes and his second wife, Louisa Peacock. "Civilization and its Discontents: The Boxers and Luddites as Heroes and Villains." Vol. Ugly and shocking scenes of violence in 19th-century American life are ironically captioned as refined and elegant to challenge the self-image of a nation contributing cash to save the heathen of foreign lands while ignoring its own barbarity. 4, pp. In addition, the U.S. ignored human rights violations in the use of concentration camps. LC-DIG-ppmsca-25696 (digital file from original print). 2 vols. Source:CGACGA, The Ohio State University, Billy Ireland Cartoon Library & Museum. N.Y. : J. Ottmann Lith. The U.S. must govern its new territories with or without their consent until they can govern themselves. Veneration of Britains treatment of colonies as a positive model attests to the significant shift in the American world view given U.S. origins in relation to the mother country. Coinciding with the British reconquest of the Sudan was this cartoon drawn by Joseph Keppler, a frequent contributor to the American political satire and humor magazine, Puck. Illustrated by A. D. McCormick, with fold-out color map. N.Y.: J. Ottmann Lith. Download this stock image: From the Cape to Cairo. The Boxers, China, and the World(Lanham: Rowman & Littlefield, 2007). Having defeated China in 189495, Japan is presented by Columbia (the U.S.) to her closest ally, Britannia (Great Britain). 5 vols. In this French cartoon from a special issue titled, La Guerre (War), a missionary and a Red Cross representative lament the violent and un-Christian behavior of Westerners overseas. The Philippines are diminished as Only the Stepping-Stone that enables the U.S. to reach the eagerly anticipated China market. The angel of peace and caption suggest that their joint strength will bring about world peace. The cartoonist targets capitalists as the true power behind the policies and practices in the Pacific, with a portrait of businessman Marcus Hannaa dollar sign elongating his earthat dwarfs a portrait of President William McKinley. In the rest of the continent, the Belgians brutally dealt with uprisings in the Congo; and the German government gobbled up what practically was the last "free" land for colonials in southwest Africa. William!! Some of the poorest provinces in the north were further stressed by a destructive combination of flooding and prolonged drought. The artist George Benjamin Luts offered an exceptionally scathing rendering of the linkage of conquest, commerce, and censorship in an 1899 cartoon titled The Way We Get the War News: The Manila Correspondent and the McKinley Censorship. Published in a short-lived radical periodical, The Verdict, the cartoon shows a war correspondent in chains, writing his story under the direction of military brass. ", From the Cape to Cairo. Just as a thousand years ago the Huns under their King Attila made a name for themselves, one that even today makes them seem mighty in history and legend, may the name German be affirmed by you in such a way in China that no Chinese will ever again dare to look cross-eyed at a German. And yet Uncle Sam is always giving money to save the Heathen. Samuel D. Ehrhart,Puck, September 8, 1897. Leur rve (Their dream). J. Ottman Lithographic Company, Printer, and Udo J Keppler. No blow has been struck except for liberty and humanity, and none will be.William McKinley. W. A. Rogers,Harpers Weekly, July 28, 1900. This special issue illustrated by Thophile Steinlen comprises a particularly gruesome mural depicting the bloodshed of contemporary colonial wars in Turkey, China, and Africa. Citing Primary Sources. the original in color by citing the Call Number listed above and including the catalog From the Cape to Cairo. On May 1a month before the celebratory second magazine cover reproduced here was publishedCommodore George Dewey destroyed a Spanish fleet in Manila Bay in the Philippines. If an image is displaying, you can download it yourself. (In the 1900 elections, Bryan ran on an anti-imperialist platform and was again defeated by McKinley.) Je l'ai fait relguer sous bonne escorte. such as microfilm or copy prints? Cutting of Africa at the Berlin Conference published in LIllustration, January 1885. Source:CGACGA, The Ohio State University Billy Ireland Cartoon Library & Museum. in: Puck, v. 52, no. When the Chinese man raises his sword, it is labeled barbarism, but when the French soldier does precisely the same thing it is a necessary blow for civilization.. | Illustration shows Britannia standing with an injured landowner and an African man, showing them a view of the future when "Enlightened Government" comes to South Africa after 1 print : chromolithograph. We may have burnt certain villages, destroyed considerable property and incidentally slaughtered a few thousand of their sons and brothers, husbands and fathers, etc., but what did they expect? Library of Congress Duplication Services. Terms of Use The imperialist rhetoric of civilization versus barbarism that took root during these years was reinforced in both the United States and England by a small flood of political cartoonscommonly executed in full color and with meticulous attention to detail. Lasting from June 20 to August 14, 1900, the siege was the catalyst for a rescue mission by the Allied forces of eight major world powers. London: Hurst and Blackett, 1900. And Peace Shall Rule. Udo Keppler,Puck, May 3, 1899. Source:Bibliothque nationale de France, In this cartoon from the French special issue on concentration camps in the Boer War, a gaunt Britannia is the only living creature in a vast graveyard for dead British soldiers. 5:00 at 202-707-6394, and Press 3. Kepplers cartoon reinforces what we have observed in Sam Keens commentary from Faces of the Enemy, that the theme of civilization versus barbarism is a recurring negative stereotype deployed in the dehumanization of a perceived hostile Other. The British people had a long history of supporting imperial wars and as the conflict escalated, criticism in cartoon form declined and was supplanted by patriotic messages. A laughing missionary in the lead, blood-soaked soldiers of the Allied forces tread on the bodies of women and children while carrying severed heads on a pike. The eight-nation military intervention during the Boxer Uprising in China in 1900 amounted to a global case study of how nations with superior technology wreaked violence abroad in the name of bringing about peace and civilization.