Rational deliberation among experts and citizens. You can get a decent soundbar at $200-300. The two main types of representation are descriptive and agency representation. The closer assessment of pros and cons will however vary with normative position and more specifically with which conceptions of democracy and equality one subscribes to. The imaginary domain: Abortion, pornography and sexual harassment. For example, although more than half the U.S. population is female, only 20 percent of Congress is. For example, if you are a representative for an ad agency, you may conduct research to find out consumer opinion on a certain product. Google Scholar. What is a Descriptive Representative? | PS: Political Science Evidence from Romania. Another benefit of descriptive research is that it enables you to determine the behavior of people in a natural setting. The Costs and Benefits of Descriptive Representation - ResearchGate European Journal of Political Research, 32, 1852010. The results apply to various other topics and departments, too. to the people they represent. PDF Descriptive and Substantive Representation in Congress: Evidence from The article concludes with a discussion on the important avenues for future research as the level of diversity in Congress increases and more women and minorities enter the ranks of committee and party leadership. Proportional Representation: Definition, Example, Pros & Cons This essay will proceed as follows. Your email address will not be published. The notions of women-centred/intersectional state feminism, state feminism with/without a welfare state and with/without democratization should be thought of in terms of Weberian ideal types. In the achievement of this endeavour, first, I have examined the legislative initiatives of the NP in the period January 2012 - June . Other hybrid approaches have been suggested for visual-spatial and model-based reasoning. New York: Routledge. descriptive representation pros and cons - chemtechspeciality.com Get Access. Don't want to keep filling in name and email whenever you want to comment? Anyone you share the following link with will be able to read this content: Sorry, a shareable link is not currently available for this article. Sloman (1985) has also argued the pros and cons of analogical representations, and has concluded that a variety of representation formalismsincluding those specialized for spatial reasoningare important to AI problem solving. Multicultural citizenship. (1982). Oxford: Oxford University Press. Proportional representation is a complicated form of election. Research Fellowship Program Other Program and Initiatives From state-managed capitalism to neoliberal crisis. that: The most affecting descriptive writing results from an author's providing not a linguistic blueprint of a library but the raw material (the air tinged with the scent of old pages, the shafts of dusty light through the window slats, the whispers, like trickling water, of the librarians behind the oval reference desk) from which the reader can erect her own library. Hence, the debate about descriptive representation is clearly in need of a more contextualized assessment of its pros and cons. Legal harmonization and intersectionality in Swedish and Norwegian anti-discrimination reform. Here you will find options to view and activate subscriptions, manage institutional settings and access options, access usage statistics, and more. Inclusion and democracy. Descriptive representation A belief that constituents are more effectively represented by legislators who are similar to them in such key demographic characteristics as race, gender, ethnicity, or religion Racial gerrymandering The drawing of a legislative district to maximize th chance that a minority candidate will win the election Veto There are three main types of descriptive methods: observational methods, case-study methods and survey methods. The diversity of the country is not reflected in the U.S. Congress, whose current membership is approximately 80 percent male, 82 percent white, and 92 percent Christian. PDF Constituents' Responses to Descriptive and Substantive Representation Vibert, F. (2007). Towards a European union gender equality index. These descriptive representations reflect the laws of nature, the system, or logical constraints for the design of the product. data sets are independent of each other most widely used method of data representation. Advantages and disadvantages of descriptive representation Descriptive representation is where people are allowed to vote for leaders who they feel mirror their beliefs. It is widely used in Europe and has both advantages and disadvantages. U.S Congress.docx - Surname 1 Name: Professor: Course: tees, and voters weigh the pros and cons of descriptive representation, this analysis argues for attention to the specific historical contexts that make descrip- Descriptive representation should be judged primarily on this criterion. In S. Besson & J. L. Mart (Eds. Thirdly and lastly, I will outline the implications that descriptive and substantive representation have on MEM representatives and voters, and the lessons learnt from studying Ngo as a MEM political representative. Post- 2000 redistricting created more majority-Latino districts, although the absolute number of Latino legislators did not increase correspondingly. CrossRef There are many benefits of including minorities of power in decision-making so-called descriptive representation. The advantage is that it ensures that government sis efficient as the democratic process has included checks and balances (Regoli). Descriptive Vs Inferential Statistics: Which Is Better & Why Pearl Necklace for Women, 18K Gold Staion Neckalce Tin Cup Pearl Instead, proper representation for some is rooted in the racial, ethnic, socioeconomic, gender, and sexual identity of the representatives themselves. Classic descriptive statistics include mean, min, max, standard deviation, median, skew, kurtosis. Moreover, to date, few minority legislators have been elected from districts that do not contain a high percentage of minority constituents. Feminizing politics. When it comes to confidentiality, some respondents won't give answers to questionnaires and interviews. How Do Parliamentarians Define Descriptive Representation? Martin-Woolman Ltd. Home; History; Services. Democratic authority: A philosophical framework. Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage. In recent decades, Congress has become much more descriptively representative of the United States. The closer assessment of pros and cons will. On the other hand, there are some disadvantages of descriptive research. Democracy and the new separation of powers. Arena Centre for European Studies, University of Oslo, Sognsveien 68, 0855, Oslo, Norway, You can also search for this author in Descriptive research is a process of systematically describing and analyzing something's features, properties or characteristics. Qualitative Research Pros & Cons . This leaves lasting impacts, not only emotionally, but mentally and psychologically as well. The pros of mixed-member proportional representation Creating a list that details both sides of the argument makes it easier to visualize the potential impact of your decision. Descriptive representation is the idea that political institutions should reflect the social composition of populations as they are.5 In descriptive representation, representatives not only have visible characteristics (such as ethnicity, gender, or sexual orientation) that are common to their constituents but also have shared experiences such as Even though the movie broke some barriers, Disney and other film companies still have more progress to make to adequately represent their viewers. Descriptive Representation In The United States - 461 Words | Bartleby The 114th Congress, which began in January 2015, had a historically large percentage of racial and ethnic minorities. Problems of Descriptive Representation in Dutch Works Councils Profiles: Google Scholar, Dataverse, OSF, R-Forge, Mastodon, YouTube, Libra.unine.ch, (Figshare), (SSRN), (Kudos). 2023 Springer Nature Switzerland AG. People still have a voice. Representative democracy is a form of government in which the people elect officials to create laws and policy on their behalf. In the most comprehensive treatment on this subject to date, this article demonstrates that states with higher turnover rates and citizen legislatures are more conducive to the election of Latinos and demonstrates the institutional and demographic differences among several states affecting Latino descriptive representation. Proportional representation (PR) is an electoral system that tries to create a representative body that better reflects all of the citizens' interests in an electorate or voting district. Some of the most important are listed below. Reliance on analytical thinki ng. (1993) have developed a system consisting of a propositional and depictorial partonomy (organization of parts) for reasoning, where the depictorial partonomy reflects the hierarchy proposed in representations for visual processes. Affordable. As countries become more and more divers, they are looking for better understanding on descriptive representation and the driving force in regards to the minorities within their nation state. The descriptive evaluation was proposed as opposed to traditional method of evaluation and it is based on new strategies for facing the government's challenges. Pros. Following successful sign in, you will be returned to Oxford Academic. Because it relies on such a range of different methods, it is considered a holistic approach to a subject. It is different from exploratory research in that it is typically more focused on a certain unknown or unproven aspect of the project. Estlund, D. (2008). Reisel, L. (2014). The simplest example of this point, which is critical for an understanding of how languages function as representational systems, is the famous traffic lights example. Walby, S. (2011). Lovenduski, J. ), Deliberative systems: Deliberative democracy at the large scale. Proportional representation, sometimes called simply "PR," is defined as an "electoral system in which parties gain seats in proportion to the number of votes cast for them." This is different than a direct system of representation, where each seat is put up to a vote for a specific candidate, regardless of what party to which they associate. In this way, it couldn't just be that distinctive individuals lived in the high-wrongdoing territories than in the low-wrongdoing zones. The question here is what happens to the calculus of descriptive representation under the condition that state feminist machineries are in place and work relatively efficiently. Aldershot: Ashgate. Weak coalition government: Proportional representation results in a weak and indecisive coalition government since every party wants to act in their best interest or get their own way with things. (2004). Should Congress Look Like America? Does Grading Matter In College? - TheBestSchools.org Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. Cambridge: Harvard University Press. Pros and Cons of different Prescriptive Analytics technologies The affirmative action controversy. These are part of business analytics, which extract value from your business data. An example of descriptive statistics would be finding a pattern that comes from the data you've taken. Bigger or more populous countries, especially those that have many provinces or states and a diverse society need people to be represented adequately at all levels of governance. The body is responsible for implementing and drafting . 2. At the heart of freedom: Feminism, sex & equality. Namely, the institutional design of the state legislature matters in terms of electoral responsiveness, with Florida and New Mexico the most responsive, and New York and the U.S. House the least responsive to the election of Latino legislators. The importance of descriptive representation in regards to minorities has been the subject of many debates in the past. PDF A Study of Strengths and Weaknesses of Descriptive Assessment from - ed This is the case for women who remain numerically under-represented in legislatures around the world, but also ethnic minority groups, and other minorities. Quantitative Methodology. You can download the paper by clicking the button above. Although the federal government of the United States is said to strive to construct a homogeneous nation when it comes to equal rights and opportunities for its citizens in different states and cities, there have been numerous historical occurrences that demonstrate opposing aims. Strengths & Weaknesses of Descriptive Research - Synonym Explaining Preferences about Descriptive Representation, When politics is not just a man's game: Women's representation and political engagement, Womens Political Representation: A Review, Partisanship, Structure and Representation: The Puzzle of African American Education Politics, Falling Behind, Keeping Up, or Getting Ahead: Ethnic Candidates and the Competition for non-Western Origin Voters in the West, Levelling the playing field: Monitoring Croatian policies to promote gender equality in politics, Can Deliberative Minipublics Address the Cognitive Challenges of Democratic Citizenship, Parity/Disparity: Electoral Gender Inequality on the Tightrope of Liberal Constitutional Traditions, INTERSECTIONAL PRESENTATIONS: An Exploratory Study of Minority Congresswomen's Websites' Biographies, Ethnocultural Voting? Firstly, I will discuss the benefits and limitations of descriptive and substantive representation for MEM groups. Michele L. Swers is associate professor of government at Georgetown University. Secondly, I will draw upon Phuong Ngo as a case study to describe how descriptive and substantive representation impacted MEM voters in his constituency. The theory of the politics of presence (Phillips 1995) provides reasons for expecting a link between descriptive and substantive representation. We use cookies and similar technologies to ensure our website works properly, personalize your browsing experience, analyze how you use our website, and deliver relevant ads to you. The electoral advantage of the incumbents presents a stumbling block on the advancement of new groups into the institution. Saarbrcken: VDM Verlag Dr. Mller.